1.0 2016-09-30 22:18:54 UTC 2020-06-04 20:51:07 UTC BMDB0000044 BMDB00044 BMDB0014273 BMDB14273 Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid, also known as ascorbate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as furanones. Furanones are compounds containing a furan ring bearing a ketone group. Ascorbic acid is possibly soluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Dopamine and ascorbic acid can be converted into norepinephrine and dehydroascorbic acid through the action of the enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase. In cattle, ascorbic acid is involved in the metabolic pathway called the tyrosine metabolism pathway. Acide ascorbique Acido ascorbico Acidum ascorbicum Acidum ascorbinicum Ascoltin Ascorbicap Ascorbinsaeure e 300 e-300 e300 L-(+)-Ascorbic acid L-Ascorbate Vitamin C Monodehydroascorbate radical Ascorbate radical Semidehydroascorbic acid ASCOR L-(+)-Ascorbate L-Ascorbic acid Monodehydroascorbic acid radical Ascorbic acid radical Semidehydroascorbate Ascorbate Ascorbic acid, monosodium salt Ferrous ascorbate L Ascorbic acid Magnesium di L ascorbate Magnorbin Sodium ascorbate Acid, L-ascorbic Ascorbate, magnesium Acid, ascorbic Ascorbate, ferrous Ascorbate, sodium Hybrin Magnesium ascorbate Magnesium ascorbicum Magnesium di-L-ascorbate Di-L-ascorbate, magnesium (+)-Ascorbate (+)-Ascorbic acid (+)-Sodium L-ascorbate 3-keto-L-Gulofuranolactone 3-oxo-L-Gulofuranolactone Adenex Allercorb Antiscorbic vitamin Antiscorbutic vitamin arco-Cee Ascor-b.i.d. Ascorb Ascorbajen Ascorbicab Ascorbicin Ascorbin Ascorbutina Ascorin Ascorteal Ascorvit C-Level C-Long C-Quin C-Span C-Vimin Cantan Cantaxin Catavin C Ce lent Ce-mi-lin Ce-vi-sol Cebicure Cebid Cebion Cebione Cecon Cee-caps TD Cee-vite Cegiolan Ceglion Ceklin Celaskon Celin Cell C Cemagyl Cemill Cenetone Cenolate Cereon Cergona Cescorbat Cetamid Cetane Cetane-caps TC Cetane-caps TD Cetebe Cetemican Cevalin Cevatine Cevex Cevi-bid Cevimin Cevital Cevitamate Cevitamic acid Cevitamin Cevitan Cevitex Cewin Chewcee Ciamin Cipca Citriscorb Citrovit Colascor Concemin Davitamon C Dora-C-500 Duoscorb gamma-Lactone L-threo-hex-2-enonate gamma-Lactone L-threo-hex-2-enonic acid HiCee ido-C Juvamine Kangbingfeng Kyselina askorbova L(+)-Ascorbate L(+)-Ascorbic acid L-3-Ketothreohexuronic acid lactone L-Lyxoascorbate L-Lyxoascorbic acid L-threo-Ascorbic acid L-Xyloascorbate L-Xyloascorbic acid Laroscorbine Lemascorb Liqui-cee Meri-c Natrascorb Natrascorb injectable Planavit C Proscorbin Redoxon Ribena Ronotec 100 Rontex 100 Roscorbic Rovimix C Scorbacid Scorbu C Scorbu-C Secorbate Sodascorbate Suncoat VC 40 Testascorbic VASC Vicelat Vicin Vicomin C Viforcit Viscorin Viscorin 100m Vitace Vitacee Vitacimin Vitacin Vitamisin Vitascorbol Xitix ASCORBIC ACID C6H8O6 176.1241 176.032087988 (5R)-5-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one vitamin C 50-81-7 [H][C@@]1(OC(=O)C(O)=C1O)[C@@H](O)CO InChI=1S/C6H8O6/c7-1-2(8)5-3(9)4(10)6(11)12-5/h2,5,7-10H,1H2/t2-,5+/m0/s1 CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as butenolides. These are dihydrofurans with a carbonyl group at the C2 carbon atom. Organic compounds Organoheterocyclic compounds Dihydrofurans Furanones Butenolides 1,2-diols Carbonyl compounds Enediols Enoate esters Hydrocarbon derivatives Lactones Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Organic oxides Oxacyclic compounds Primary alcohols Secondary alcohols Vinylogous acids 1,2-diol 2-furanone Alcohol Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound Alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester Carbonyl group Carboxylic acid derivative Carboxylic acid ester Enediol Enoate ester Hydrocarbon derivative Lactone Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives Organic oxide Organic oxygen compound Organooxygen compound Oxacycle Primary alcohol Secondary alcohol Vinylogous acid Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds Water-soluble vitamins ascorbic acid Solid logp -1.58 ALOGPS logs 0.14 ALOGPS logp -1.9 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 4.36 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic -3 ChemAxon iupac (5R)-5-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one ChemAxon average_mass 176.1241 ChemAxon mono_mass 176.032087988 ChemAxon smiles [H][C@@]1(OC(=O)C(O)=C1O)[C@@H](O)CO ChemAxon formula C6H8O6 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C6H8O6/c7-1-2(8)5-3(9)4(10)6(11)12-5/h2,5,7-10H,1H2/t2-,5+/m0/s1 ChemAxon inchikey CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 107.22 ChemAxon refractivity 37.03 ChemAxon polarizability 14.93 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 2 ChemAxon acceptor_count 5 ChemAxon donor_count 4 ChemAxon physiological_charge -1 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon number_of_rings 1 ChemAxon bioavailability 1 ChemAxon rule_of_five Yes ChemAxon ghose_filter Yes ChemAxon veber_rule Yes ChemAxon mddr_like_rule Yes ChemAxon Carnitine Synthesis SMP0087187 Oxidation of Branched-Chain Fatty Acids SMP0087255 Phytanic Acid Peroxisomal Oxidation SMP0087217 Tyrosine Metabolism SMP0087235 Specdb::MsIr 123 Specdb::MsIr 124 Specdb::MsIr 125 Specdb::CMs 17853 Specdb::CMs 28263 Specdb::CMs 30483 Specdb::CMs 30908 Specdb::CMs 30909 Specdb::CMs 30910 Specdb::CMs 31935 Specdb::CMs 37263 Specdb::CMs 99524 Specdb::CMs 99525 Specdb::CMs 99526 Specdb::CMs 99527 Specdb::CMs 99528 Specdb::CMs 99529 Specdb::CMs 132844 Specdb::CMs 140578 Specdb::CMs 1047406 Specdb::CMs 1047408 Specdb::CMs 1047410 Specdb::CMs 1047412 Specdb::CMs 1047414 Specdb::CMs 1047415 Specdb::CMs 1047417 Specdb::CMs 1047419 Specdb::CMs 1047421 Specdb::NmrOneD 298025 Specdb::NmrOneD 298026 Specdb::NmrOneD 298027 Specdb::NmrOneD 298028 Specdb::NmrOneD 298029 Specdb::NmrOneD 298030 Specdb::NmrOneD 298031 Specdb::NmrOneD 298032 Specdb::NmrOneD 298033 Specdb::NmrOneD 298034 Specdb::NmrOneD 298035 Specdb::NmrOneD 298036 Specdb::NmrOneD 298037 Specdb::NmrOneD 298038 Specdb::NmrOneD 298039 Specdb::NmrOneD 298040 Specdb::NmrOneD 298041 Specdb::NmrOneD 298042 Specdb::NmrOneD 298043 Specdb::NmrOneD 298044 Specdb::MsMs 106278 Specdb::MsMs 106279 Specdb::MsMs 106280 Specdb::MsMs 172965 Specdb::MsMs 172966 Specdb::MsMs 172967 Specdb::MsMs 1470828 Specdb::MsMs 1470858 Specdb::MsMs 1471064 Specdb::MsMs 1471161 Specdb::MsMs 1471183 Specdb::MsMs 1471271 Specdb::MsMs 1471272 Specdb::MsMs 1471273 Specdb::MsMs 1471274 Specdb::MsMs 1471275 Specdb::MsMs 1472313 Specdb::MsMs 1472314 Specdb::MsMs 1472315 Specdb::MsMs 1473009 Specdb::MsMs 1473010 Specdb::MsMs 1473011 Specdb::MsMs 1473012 Specdb::MsMs 1473013 Specdb::MsMs 1473014 Adipose Tissue Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Adrenal Cortex Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Adrenal Medulla Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Bladder Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Blood 8-18 uM HPLC with spectrophotometric detection Padilla L., T.Matsui Y.Kamiya M.Kamiya M.Tanaka H.Yano. 2006. Heat stress decreases plasma vitamin C concentration in lactating cows. Livestock Science. 101(1–3):300-304 Blood 11 +/- 3 uM By NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Brain Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Epidermis Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Erythrocyte Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Eye Lens Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Fibroblasts Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Heart Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Intestine Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Leukocyte Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Liver 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under corn stover based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Liver 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under alfalfa hay based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Liver Metabolomics analysis was performed using GC-MS/LC-MS in multiparous Holstein dairy cows Shahzad K, Lopreiato V, Liang Y, Trevisi E, Osorio JS, Xu C, Loor JJ: Hepatic metabolomics and transcriptomics to study susceptibility to ketosis in response to prepartal nutritional management. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2019 Dec 18;10:96. doi: 10.1186/s40104-019-0404-z. eCollection 2019. 31867104 Liver 880 +/- 257 nmol/g of tissue By NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Lung Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Mammary Gland 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under corn stover based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Mammary Gland 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under alfalfa hay based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Milk 22.711 +/- 1.419 uM Pasteurized whole milk Bilic N: Assay for both ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid in dairy foods by high-performance liquid chromatography using precolumn derivatization with methoxy- and ethoxy-1,2-phenylenediamine. J Chromatogr. 1991 May 10;543(2):367-74. 1880195 Milk 33.499 +/- 1.703 uM Raw milk Bilic N: Assay for both ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid in dairy foods by high-performance liquid chromatography using precolumn derivatization with methoxy- and ethoxy-1,2-phenylenediamine. J Chromatogr. 1991 May 10;543(2):367-74. 1880195 Milk 53.371 uM Park, Y. W; Juárez, Manuela ; Ramos, M.; Haenlein, G. F. W.. Physico-chemical characteristics of goat and sheep milk. Small Ruminant Res.(2007) 68:88-113 doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.09.013 Milk 153.301 uM Raw milk. Sampled during March Int. Dairy Journal 4 (1994) 161-172 Milk 34.7 +/- 0.2 uM Quantified by LC-MS/MS in 1% milk Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 39 +/- 1 uM Quantified by LC-MS/MS in 2% milk Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 34.0 +/- 0.3 uM Quantified by LC-MS/MS in 3.25% milk Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 8.2 +/- 0.3 uM Quantified by LC-MS/MS in skim milk Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 53.371 - 55.643 uM Gaucheron F: Milk and dairy products: a unique micronutrient combination. J Am Coll Nutr. 2011 Oct;30(5 Suppl 1):400S-9S. 22081685 Milk 62.229 - 129.852 uM Weiss WP, Hogan JS, Smith KL: Changes in vitamin C concentrations in plasma and milk from dairy cows after an intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli. J Dairy Sci. 2004 Jan;87(1):32-7. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73138-0. 14765807 Milk 51.1 uM Milk, filled, fluid, with blend of hydrogenated vegetable oils USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Milk 51.1 uM Milk, filled, fluid, with lauric acid oil USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Milk 56.778 uM Milk, fluid, nonfat, calcium fortified (fat free or skim) USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Milk 51.1 uM Milk, low sodium, fluid USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Milk 68.134 uM Milk, lowfat, fluid, 1% milkfat, protein fortified, with added vitamin A and vitamin D USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Milk 56.778 uM Milk, lowfat, fluid, 1% milkfat, with added nonfat milk solids, vitamin A and vitamin D USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Milk 62.456 uM Milk, nonfat, fluid, protein fortified, with added vitamin A and vitamin D (fat free and skim) USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Milk 56.778 uM Milk, nonfat, fluid, with added nonfat milk solids, vitamin A and vitamin D (fat free or skim) USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Milk 73.812 uM Milk, partly skim, conventional (not organic), 1.5 % fat Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en Milk 73.812 uM Milk, partly skim, organic, 1.5 % fat Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en Milk 85.167 uM Milk, producer, fluid, 3.7% milkfat USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Milk 62.456 uM Milk, reduced fat, fluid, 2% milkfat, protein fortified, with added vitamin A and vitamin D USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Milk 56.778 uM Milk, reduced fat, fluid, 2% milkfat, with added nonfat milk solids and vitamin A and vitamin D USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Milk 62.456 uM Milk, reduced fat, fluid, 2% milkfat, with added nonfat milk solids, without added vitamin A USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Milk 11.356 uM Milk, reduced fat, fluid, 2% milkfat, with added vitamin A and vitamin D USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Milk 11.356 uM Milk, reduced fat, fluid, 2% milkfat, without added vitamin A and vitamin D USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Milk 73.812 uM Skim milk Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en Milk 73.812 uM Milk, skim, 0.5 % fat Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en Milk 73.812 uM Milk, skim, organic Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en Milk 68.134 uM Milk, whole, 3.5, (UHT), % fat Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en Milk 68.134 uM Milk, whole, conventional (not organic), 3.5 % fat Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en Milk 68.134 uM Milk, whole, organic, 3.5 % fat Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en Neuron Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Ovary Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Placenta Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Platelet Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Prostate Tissue Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Skeletal Muscle Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Spleen Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Testis 1576 +/- 363 nmol/g of tissue By NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 54670067 C01041 29073 FDB001224 DB00126 ASCORBATE Ascorbic_Acid Bilic N: Assay for both ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid in dairy foods by high-performance liquid chromatography using precolumn derivatization with methoxy- and ethoxy-1,2-phenylenediamine. J Chromatogr. 1991 May 10;543(2):367-74. 1880195 Gaucheron F: Milk and dairy products: a unique micronutrient combination. J Am Coll Nutr. 2011 Oct;30(5 Suppl 1):400S-9S. 22081685 Weiss WP, Hogan JS, Smith KL: Changes in vitamin C concentrations in plasma and milk from dairy cows after an intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli. J Dairy Sci. 2004 Jan;87(1):32-7. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73138-0. 14765807 Int. Dairy Journal 4 (1994) 161-172 Park, Y. W; Juárez, Manuela ; Ramos, M.; Haenlein, G. F. W.. Physico-chemical characteristics of goat and sheep milk. Small Ruminant Res.(2007) 68:88-113 doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.09.013 A. Foroutan et al. The Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk (in preparation) USDA Food Composition Databases: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/ Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en BMDBP00655 Dopamine beta-hydroxylase P15101 DBH Enzyme