1.0 2016-09-30 22:20:09 UTC 2020-06-04 22:45:52 UTC BMDB0000148 BMDB00148 L-Glutamic acid L-Glutamic acid, also known as glutamate or acide glutamique, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glutamic acid and derivatives. Glutamic acid and derivatives are compounds containing glutamic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. L-Glutamic acid exists as a solid, possibly soluble (in water), and a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa) molecule. L-Glutamic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. L-Glutamic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions, within cattle. In particular, N5-Formyl-THF and L-glutamic acid can be converted into tetrahydrofolic acid and N-formyl-L-glutamic acid; which is mediated by the enzyme formimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminase. In addition, Tetrahydrofolic acid and L-glutamic acid can be converted into tetrahydrofolyl-[glu](2); which is catalyzed by the enzyme folylpolyglutamate synthase. In cattle, L-glutamic acid is involved in the metabolic pathway called the folate metabolism pathway. L-Glutamic acid is a potentially toxic compound. L-Glutamic acid has been found to be associated with several diseases known as irritable bowel syndrome, periodontal disease, ulcerative colitis, and diverticular disease; also l-glutamic acid has been linked to the inborn metabolic disorders including rett syndrome. (S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid (S)-Glutamic acid Acide glutamique Acido glutamico Acidum glutamicum E Glu Glutamate GLUTAMIC ACID L-Glu L-Glutaminic acid L-Glutaminsaeure (S)-2-Aminopentanedioate (S)-Glutamate L-Glutaminate L-Glutamate D-Glutamate L Glutamate L Glutamic acid Aluminum L glutamate Aluminum L-glutamate Potassium glutamate D Glutamate Glutamate, potassium Glutamic acid, (D)-isomer L-Glutamate, aluminum (2S)-2-Aminopentanedioate (2S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid (S)-(+)-Glutamate (S)-(+)-Glutamic acid 1-amino-Propane-1,3-dicarboxylate 1-amino-Propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid 1-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylate 1-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid 2-Aminoglutarate 2-Aminoglutaric acid 2-Aminopentanedioate 2-Aminopentanedioic acid a-Aminoglutarate a-Aminoglutaric acid a-Glutamate a-Glutamic acid Aciglut alpha-Aminoglutarate alpha-Aminoglutaric acid alpha-Glutamate alpha-Glutamic acid Aminoglutarate Aminoglutaric acid Glt Glusate Glut Glutacid Glutamicol Glutamidex Glutaminate Glutaminic acid Glutaminol Glutaton L-(+)-Glutamate L-(+)-Glutamic acid L-a-Aminoglutarate L-a-Aminoglutaric acid L-alpha-Aminoglutarate L-alpha-Aminoglutaric acid 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose D-GlcNAc N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine N-Acetylchitosamine N Acetyl D glucosamine 2 Acetamido 2 deoxy D glucose 2 Acetamido 2 deoxyglucose 2-Acetamido-2-deoxyglucose Acetylglucosamine 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oylglycine N-[(3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-3,7,12-Trihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl]glycine N-Choloylglycine 3a,7a,12a-Trihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oylglycine 3Α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oylglycine N-[(3a,5b,7a,12a)-3,7,12-Trihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl]glycine N-[(3Α,5β,7α,12α)-3,7,12-trihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl]glycine Glycocholate Glycine cholate Glycocholic acid, sodium salt Cholylglycine Glycocholate sodium 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid-24-glycine 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-N-(carboxymethyl)-5beta-cholan-24-amide 3Α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid-24-glycine 3Α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-N-(carboxymethyl)-5β-cholan-24-amide Glycoreductodehydrocholic acid Glycylcholate Glycylcholic acid N-(Carboxymethyl)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-amide N-(Carboxymethyl)-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-amide N-Choloyl-glycine 3-Hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17-one Follicular hormone Folliculin Oestrone (+)-Estrone 1,3,5(10)-Estratrien-3-ol-17-one 3-Hydroxy-17-keto-estra-1,3,5-triene 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17-one 3-Hydroxyoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one D1,3,5(10)-Estratrien-3-ol-17-one Estrone, (+-)-isomer Hyrex brand OF estrone Estrone, (9 beta)-isomer Estrovarin Kestrone Wehgen Estrone, (8 alpha)-isomer Hauck brand OF estrone Unigen Vortech brand OF estrone alpha,beta-Hydroxypropionic acid D-GroA R-Glyceric acid Glycerate (R)-Glycerate a,b-Hydroxypropionate a,b-Hydroxypropionic acid alpha,beta-Hydroxypropionate Α,β-hydroxypropionate Α,β-hydroxypropionic acid R-Glycerate (R)-Glyceric acid D-Glycerate D-Glyceric acid (2R)-2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid (R)-2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid D-2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid 1-Amino-2-hydroxyethane 2-Amino-1-ethanol 2-Amino-ethanol 2-Aminoethan-1-ol 2-Aminoethyl alcohol 2-Hydroxyethylamine Aethanolamin Aminoethanol beta-Aminoethanol beta-Aminoethyl alcohol beta-Ethanolamine beta-Hydroxyethylamine Colamine ETA Glycinol Hea MEA MONOETHANOLAMINE b-Aminoethanol Β-aminoethanol b-Aminoethyl alcohol Β-aminoethyl alcohol b-Ethanolamine Β-ethanolamine b-Hydroxyethylamine Β-hydroxyethylamine 2-Aminoethanol 2-Ethanolamine 2-Hydroxyethanamine Envision conditioner PDD 9020 Ethylolamine H-Glycinol Monoaethanolamin Olamine 2 Aminoethanol (3R,4S,5R)-5-[(1R)-1-Carboxy-2,2-difluoro-1-(phosphonooxy)ethoxy]-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate (1S)-2-[(3-O-b-D-Glucopyranosyl-b-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-1-{[(9E)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]methyl}ethyl (10E)-nonadec-10-enoate (1S)-2-[(3-O-b-D-Glucopyranosyl-b-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-1-{[(9E)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]methyl}ethyl (10E)-nonadec-10-enoic acid (1S)-2-[(3-O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-1-{[(9E)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]methyl}ethyl (10E)-nonadec-10-enoic acid (1S)-2-[(3-O-Β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-1-{[(9E)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]methyl}ethyl (10E)-nonadec-10-enoate (1S)-2-[(3-O-Β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-1-{[(9E)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]methyl}ethyl (10E)-nonadec-10-enoic acid C5H9NO4 147.1293 147.053157781 (2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid L-glutamic acid 56-86-0 N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O InChI=1S/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1 WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glutamic acid and derivatives. Glutamic acid and derivatives are compounds containing glutamic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Organic compounds Organic acids and derivatives Carboxylic acids and derivatives Amino acids, peptides, and analogues Glutamic acid and derivatives Amino acids Amino fatty acids Carbonyl compounds Carboxylic acids Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives Hydrocarbon derivatives L-alpha-amino acids Monoalkylamines Organic oxides Organopnictogen compounds Aliphatic acyclic compound Alpha-amino acid Amine Amino acid Amino fatty acid Carbonyl group Carboxylic acid Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives Fatty acid Fatty acyl Glutamic acid or derivatives Hydrocarbon derivative L-alpha-amino acid Organic nitrogen compound Organic oxide Organic oxygen compound Organonitrogen compound Organooxygen compound Organopnictogen compound Primary aliphatic amine Primary amine Aliphatic acyclic compounds Amino acids Common amino acids L-alpha-amino acid glutamic acid glutamine family amino acid proteinogenic amino acid Solid water_solubility 8.57 mg/mL logp -3.69 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) logp -3.54 ALOGPS logs -0.26 ALOGPS logp -3.2 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 1.88 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic 9.54 ChemAxon iupac (2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid ChemAxon average_mass 147.1293 ChemAxon mono_mass 147.053157781 ChemAxon smiles N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O ChemAxon formula C5H9NO4 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1 ChemAxon inchikey WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 100.62 ChemAxon refractivity 31.29 ChemAxon polarizability 13.32 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 4 ChemAxon acceptor_count 5 ChemAxon donor_count 3 ChemAxon physiological_charge -1 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon number_of_rings 0 ChemAxon bioavailability 1 ChemAxon rule_of_five Yes ChemAxon ghose_filter Yes ChemAxon veber_rule Yes ChemAxon mddr_like_rule Yes ChemAxon Alanine Metabolism SMP0087164 Amino Sugar Metabolism SMP0087175 Ammonia Recycling SMP0087177 Arachidonic Acid Metabolism SMP0087220 Arginine and Proline Metabolism SMP0087178 Aspartate Metabolism SMP0087165 beta-Alanine Metabolism SMP0087180 Cysteine Metabolism SMP0087189 Folate Metabolism SMP0087196 Glucose-Alanine Cycle SMP0087221 Glutamate Metabolism SMP0087169 Glutathione Metabolism SMP0087167 Glycine and Serine Metabolism SMP0087245 Histidine Metabolism SMP0087219 Lysine Degradation SMP0087203 Malate-Aspartate Shuttle SMP0087204 Nicotinate and Nicotinamide Metabolism SMP0087241 Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism SMP0087218 Propanoate Metabolism SMP0087248 Protein Synthesis: Glutamic Acid SMP0119390 Purine Metabolism SMP0087239 Tryptophan Metabolism SMP0087237 Tyrosine Metabolism SMP0087235 Urea Cycle SMP0087224 Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine Degradation SMP0087234 Warburg Effect SMP0087270 Specdb::NmrTwoD 969 Specdb::NmrTwoD 1168 Specdb::MsIr 222 Specdb::MsIr 223 Specdb::MsIr 224 Specdb::CMs 366 Specdb::CMs 367 Specdb::CMs 368 Specdb::CMs 1228 Specdb::CMs 1296 Specdb::CMs 2359 Specdb::CMs 30048 Specdb::CMs 30367 Specdb::CMs 30552 Specdb::CMs 30735 Specdb::CMs 30790 Specdb::CMs 31022 Specdb::CMs 31023 Specdb::CMs 37320 Specdb::CMs 146692 Specdb::CMs 1051565 Specdb::CMs 1051566 Specdb::CMs 1051568 Specdb::CMs 1051570 Specdb::CMs 1051572 Specdb::CMs 1051574 Specdb::CMs 1051575 Specdb::CMs 1051577 Specdb::CMs 1051579 Specdb::CMs 1051581 Specdb::MsMs 221 Specdb::MsMs 222 Specdb::MsMs 223 Specdb::MsMs 3055 Specdb::MsMs 3056 Specdb::MsMs 3057 Specdb::MsMs 3058 Specdb::MsMs 3059 Specdb::MsMs 3060 Specdb::MsMs 3061 Specdb::MsMs 3062 Specdb::MsMs 3063 Specdb::MsMs 3064 Specdb::MsMs 3065 Specdb::MsMs 3066 Specdb::MsMs 3067 Specdb::MsMs 3068 Specdb::MsMs 3069 Specdb::MsMs 3070 Specdb::MsMs 3071 Specdb::MsMs 3072 Specdb::MsMs 3073 Specdb::MsMs 3074 Specdb::MsMs 3075 Specdb::MsMs 3076 Specdb::NmrOneD 1109 Specdb::NmrOneD 1168 Specdb::NmrOneD 142550 Specdb::NmrOneD 142551 Specdb::NmrOneD 142552 Specdb::NmrOneD 142553 Specdb::NmrOneD 142554 Specdb::NmrOneD 142555 Specdb::NmrOneD 142556 Specdb::NmrOneD 142557 Specdb::NmrOneD 142558 Specdb::NmrOneD 142559 Specdb::NmrOneD 142560 Specdb::NmrOneD 142561 Specdb::NmrOneD 142562 Specdb::NmrOneD 142563 Specdb::NmrOneD 142564 Specdb::NmrOneD 142565 Specdb::NmrOneD 142566 Specdb::NmrOneD 142567 Specdb::NmrOneD 142568 Specdb::NmrOneD 142569 Specdb::NmrOneD 166499 Specdb::NmrOneD 166550 Specdb::NmrOneD 166566 Adipose Tissue Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Adrenal Medulla Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Blood Detected by NMR. Samples have been collected from 24 male 17-22-month-old Charolais beef cattles. Graham SF, Ruiz-Aracama A, Lommen A, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Elliott CT, Mooney MH: Use of NMR metabolomic plasma profiling methodologies to identify illicit growth-promoting administrations. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012 Apr;403(2):573-82. doi: 10.1007/s00216-012-5815-z. Epub 2012 Feb 28. 22370585 Blood 85.1 uM Detected by GC/MS Allison GG, Horton RA, Rees Stevens P, Jackman R, Moorby JM: Changes in plasma metabolites and muscle glycogen are correlated to bovine spongiform encephalopathy in infected dairy cattle. Res Vet Sci. 2007 Aug;83(1):40-6. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.11.008. Epub 2007 Jan 2. 17197001 Blood 1909 +/- 659 uM Detected by NMR Abdullah BASOGLU, Nuri BASPINAR, Alparslan COSKUN. NMR-based metabolomic evaluation in dairy cows with displaced abomasum. Turk J Vet Anim Sci (2014) 38(3):325-330 Blood Detected by NMR in multiparous-early lactation Holstein cows. Sun LW, Zhang HY, Wu L, Shu S, Xia C, Xu C, Zheng JS: (1)H-Nuclear magnetic resonance-based plasma metabolic profiling of dairy cows with clinical and subclinical ketosis. J Dairy Sci. 2014 Mar;97(3):1552-62. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-6757. Epub 2014 Jan 17. 24440255 Blood 193-202 uM Ion exchange chromatography with fluorometric detection Greenwood RH, Titgemeyer EC, Stokka GL, Drouillard JS, Loest CA: Effects of L-carnitine on nitrogen retention and blood metabolites of growing steers and performance of finishing steers. J Anim Sci. 2001 Jan;79(1):254-60. doi: 10.2527/2001.791254x. 11204708 Blood 299.1 uM Wessels RH, Titgemeyer EC, St Jean G: Effect of amino acid supplementation on whole-body protein turnover in Holstein steers. J Anim Sci. 1997 Nov;75(11):3066-73. 9374324 Blood 174-198 uM Chromatography with spectrophotometric detection Motyl T, Barej W: Plasma amino acid indices and urinary 3-methyl histidine excretion in dairy cows in early lactation. Ann Rech Vet. 1986;17(2):153-7. 3535614 Blood 92 +/- 19 uM By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Blood 35-39 uM By HPLC Zhou Z, Vailati-Riboni M, Luchini DN, Loor JJ: Methionine and Choline Supply during the Periparturient Period Alter Plasma Amino Acid and One-Carbon Metabolism Profiles to Various Extents: Potential Role in Hepatic Metabolism and Antioxidant Status. Nutrients. 2016 Dec 29;9(1). pii: nu9010010. doi: 10.3390/nu9010010. 28036059 Blood Detected by NMR De Buck J, Shaykhutdinov R, Barkema HW, Vogel HJ: Metabolomic profiling in cattle experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 5;9(11):e111872. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111872. eCollection 2014. 25372282 Colostrum Detected by NMR Zanardi E, Caligiani A, Palla L, Mariani M, Ghidini S, Di Ciccio PA, Palla G, Ianieri A: Metabolic profiling by (1)H NMR of ground beef irradiated at different irradiation doses. Meat Sci. 2015 May;103:83-9. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.01.005. Epub 2015 Jan 15. 25637742 Epidermis Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Fibroblasts Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Intestine Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Kidney Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Liver 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under corn stover based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Liver 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under alfalfa hay based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Liver 6122-7999 nmol/g of tissue By HPLC with fluorometric detection Miles ED, McBride BW, Jia Y, Liao SF, Boling JA, Bridges PJ, Matthews JC: Glutamine synthetase and alanine transaminase expression are decreased in livers of aged vs. young beef cows and GS can be upregulated by 17beta-estradiol implants. J Anim Sci. 2015 Sep;93(9):4500-9. doi: 10.2527/jas.2015-9294. 26440349 Liver 4092 +/- 928 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Longissimus Thoracis Muscle 425 +/- 180 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Mammary Gland 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under corn stover based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Mammary Gland 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under corn stover based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Mammary Gland 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under alfalfa hay based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Mammary Gland 8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under alfalfa hay based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform. Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951. 31873721 Milk 196.16 +/- 64.07 uM Raw milk metabolite measured during mid-lactation from cows fed diets consisting of total mixed ration (TMR), by 1H-NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Milk 44 - 693 uM Klein MS, Almstetter MF, Schlamberger G, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ, Meyer HH, Wiedemann S, Gronwald W: Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry-based milk metabolomics in dairy cows during early and late lactation. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Apr;93(4):1539-50. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2563. 20338431 Milk 270 - 740 uM Klein MS, Buttchereit N, Miemczyk SP, Immervoll AK, Louis C, Wiedemann S, Junge W, Thaller G, Oefner PJ, Gronwald W: NMR metabolomic analysis of dairy cows reveals milk glycerophosphocholine to phosphocholine ratio as prognostic biomarker for risk of ketosis. J Proteome Res. 2012 Feb 3;11(2):1373-81. doi: 10.1021/pr201017n. Epub 2011 Dec 9. 22098372 Milk 297 +/- 8 uM Commercial 1% milk by LC-HRMS Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 260 +/- 11 uM Commercial 2% milk by LC-HRMS Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 303 +/- 9 uM Commercial 3.25% milk by LC-HRMS Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 257 +/- 25 uM Commercial skim milk by LC-HRMS Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 188.62 +/- 77.08 uM Raw milk metabolite measured during mid-lactation from cows fed diets consisting of perennial ryegrass (GRS), by 1H-NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Milk 259 +/- 10 uM 1% milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 263 +/- 15 uM 2% milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 260 +/- 23 uM 3.25% milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 271 +/- 21 uM Skim milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 190.87 +/- 67.63 uM Raw milk metabolite measured during mid-lactation from cows fed diets consisting of perennial ryegrass and white clover (CLV), by 1H-NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Milk 47577.199 uM Milk, partly skim, conventional (not organic), 1.5 % fat Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en Milk 47577.199 uM Milk, partly skim, organic, 1.5 % fat Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en Milk 47577.199 uM Skim milk Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en Milk 47577.199 uM Milk, skim, organic Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en Milk 46217.851 uM Milk, whole, 3.5, (UHT), % fat Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en Milk 46217.851 uM Milk, whole, conventional (not organic), 3.5 % fat Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en Milk 46217.851 uM Milk, whole, organic, 3.5 % fat Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en Milk Milk samples collected from 456 Danish Holstein cows Buitenhuis AJ, Sundekilde UK, Poulsen NA, Bertram HC, Larsen LB, Sorensen P: Estimation of genetic parameters and detection of quantitative trait loci for metabolites in Danish Holstein milk. J Dairy Sci. 2013 May;96(5):3285-95. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5914. Epub 2013 Mar 15. 23497994 Milk Milk samples from 20 healthy Holstein Friesian dairy cows Lu J, Antunes Fernandes E, Paez Cano AE, Vinitwatanakhun J, Boeren S, van Hooijdonk T, van Knegsel A, Vervoort J, Hettinga KA: Changes in milk proteome and metabolome associated with dry period length, energy balance, and lactation stage in postparturient dairy cows. J Proteome Res. 2013 Jul 5;12(7):3288-96. doi: 10.1021/pr4001306. Epub 2013 Jun 5. 23738862 Milk 407 Milk samples from Swedish Red cows Sundekilde UK, Gustavsson F, Poulsen NA, Glantz M, Paulsson M, Larsen LB, Bertram HC: Association between the bovine milk metabolome and rennet-induced coagulation properties of milk. J Dairy Sci. 2014 Oct;97(10):6076-84. doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8304. Epub 2014 Jul 30. 25087032 Muscle Detected by NMR Zanardi E, Caligiani A, Palla L, Mariani M, Ghidini S, Di Ciccio PA, Palla G, Ianieri A: Metabolic profiling by (1)H NMR of ground beef irradiated at different irradiation doses. Meat Sci. 2015 May;103:83-9. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.01.005. Epub 2015 Jan 15. 25637742 Muscle 229.91 +/- 25.7 uM Detected by NMR in Australian commercial beef sirloin. Jung Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Lee KS, Ryu DH, Hwang GS: Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10458-66. doi: 10.1021/jf102194t. 20831251 Muscle 241.62 +/- 45.32 uM Detected by NMR in Korean commercial beef sirloin. Jung Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Lee KS, Ryu DH, Hwang GS: Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10458-66. doi: 10.1021/jf102194t. 20831251 Muscle 196-510 nmol/g of tissue By NMR Jung Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Lee KS, Ryu DH, Hwang GS: Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10458-66. doi: 10.1021/jf102194t. 20831251 Muscle 393.05 +/- 31.17 uM Detected by NMR in US commercial beef sirloin Jung Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Lee KS, Ryu DH, Hwang GS: Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10458-66. doi: 10.1021/jf102194t. 20831251 Muscle 1690 +/- 210 nmol/g of tissue Detected by NMR in beef muscle (longissimus dorsi) matured for 14 days. S. F. Graham, T. Kennedy, O. Chevallier, A. Gordon, L. Farmer, C. Elliott, B. Moss. The application of NMR to study changes in polar metabolite concentrations in beef longissimus dorsi stored for different periods post mortem. Metabolomics (2010) 6:395-404 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0206-y Muscle 9830 +/- 1550 nmol/g of tissue Detected by NMR in beef muscle (longissimus dorsi) matured for 21 days. S. F. Graham, T. Kennedy, O. Chevallier, A. Gordon, L. Farmer, C. Elliott, B. Moss. The application of NMR to study changes in polar metabolite concentrations in beef longissimus dorsi stored for different periods post mortem. Metabolomics (2010) 6:395-404 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0206-y Muscle 8380 +/- 640 nmol/g of tissue Detected by NMR in beef muscle (longissimus dorsi) matured for 3 days. S. F. Graham, T. Kennedy, O. Chevallier, A. Gordon, L. Farmer, C. Elliott, B. Moss. The application of NMR to study changes in polar metabolite concentrations in beef longissimus dorsi stored for different periods post mortem. Metabolomics (2010) 6:395-404 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0206-y Muscle 9210 +/- 740 nmol/g of tissue Detected by NMR in beef muscle (longissimus dorsi) matured for 7 days. S. F. Graham, T. Kennedy, O. Chevallier, A. Gordon, L. Farmer, C. Elliott, B. Moss. The application of NMR to study changes in polar metabolite concentrations in beef longissimus dorsi stored for different periods post mortem. Metabolomics (2010) 6:395-404 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0206-y Muscle 489.03 +/- 20.47 uM Detected by NMR in New Zealand commercial beef sirloin. Jung Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Lee KS, Ryu DH, Hwang GS: Discrimination of the geographical origin of beef by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10458-66. doi: 10.1021/jf102194t. 20831251 Muscle 910 nmol/g of tissue By NMR Kim YH, Kemp R, Samuelsson LM: Effects of dry-aging on meat quality attributes and metabolite profiles of beef loins. Meat Sci. 2016 Jan;111:168-76. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.09.008. Epub 2015 Sep 26. 26437054 Muscle 80-104 nmol/g of tissue By NMR Kodani Y, Miyakawa T, Komatsu T, Tanokura M: NMR-based metabolomics for simultaneously evaluating multiple determinants of primary beef quality in Japanese Black cattle. Sci Rep. 2017 May 2;7(1):1297. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01272-8. 28465593 Muscle 134-942 nmol/g of tissue By CE-TOFMS Muroya S, Oe M, Ojima K, Watanabe A: Metabolomic approach to key metabolites characterizing postmortem aged loin muscle of Japanese Black (Wagyu) cattle. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2019 Aug;32(8):1172-1185. doi: 10.5713/ajas.18.0648. Epub 2019 Jan 4. 30744349 Neuron Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Pancreas Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Placenta Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Platelet Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Prostate Tissue Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Ruminal Fluid 380 +/- 59 uM Samples have been collected from 8 healthy primiparous Holstein cow fed barley grains (15% of diet dry matter). Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 490 +/- 92 uM Samples have been collected from 8 healthy primiparous Holstein cow fed barley grains (30% of diet dry matter). Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 517 +/- 115 uM Samples have been collected from 8 healthy primiparous Holstein cow fed barley grains (45% of diet dry matter). Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 333 +/- 12 uM Samples have been collected from 8 healthy primiparous Holstein cow, no barley grains in diet. Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 333 +/- 12 uM Samples have been collected from 8 healthy primiparous Holstein cow, no barley grains in diet. Metabolite measured by NMR and DFI-MS/MS. Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 238-887 uM By NMR Lee HJ, Jung JY, Oh YK, Lee SS, Madsen EL, Jeon CO: Comparative survey of rumen microbial communities and metabolites across one caprine and three bovine groups, using bar-coded pyrosequencing and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Sep;78(17):5983-93. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00104-12. Epub 2012 Jun 15. 22706048 Ruminal Fluid Samples collected from 16 multiparous Holstein cows Sun HZ, Wang DM, Wang B, Wang JK, Liu HY, Guan le L, Liu JX: Metabolomics of four biofluids from dairy cows: potential biomarkers for milk production and quality. J Proteome Res. 2015 Feb 6;14(2):1287-98. doi: 10.1021/pr501305g. Epub 2015 Jan 28. 25599412 Ruminal Fluid 179-448 uM By NMR O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 Ruminal Fluid Detected by NMR in mid-lactating primiparous Holstein cows. Zhao S, Zhao J, Bu D, Sun P, Wang J, Dong Z: Metabolomics analysis reveals large effect of roughage types on rumen microbial metabolic profile in dairy cows. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2014 Jul;59(1):79-85. doi: 10.1111/lam.12247. Epub 2014 Apr 4. 24617926 Ruminal Fluid 342 uM By NMR. Primiparous Holstein cows fed barley grains (15% of diet dry matter) Burim NA, Qendrim Z, Fozia S, Psychogios N, Michael JL, Dunn SM, Jianguo X, Wishart DS. Metabolomics reveals unhealthy alterations in rumen metabolism with increased proportion of cereal grain in the diet of dairy cows. Metabolomics. 2010;6(4):583-594 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0227-6 Ruminal Fluid 442 uM By NMR. Primiparous Holstein cows fed barley grains (30% of diet dry matter) Burim NA, Qendrim Z, Fozia S, Psychogios N, Michael JL, Dunn SM, Jianguo X, Wishart DS. Metabolomics reveals unhealthy alterations in rumen metabolism with increased proportion of cereal grain in the diet of dairy cows. Metabolomics. 2010;6(4):583-594 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0227-6 Ruminal Fluid 425 uM By NMR. Primiparous Holstein cows fed barley grains (45% of diet dry matter) Burim NA, Qendrim Z, Fozia S, Psychogios N, Michael JL, Dunn SM, Jianguo X, Wishart DS. Metabolomics reveals unhealthy alterations in rumen metabolism with increased proportion of cereal grain in the diet of dairy cows. Metabolomics. 2010;6(4):583-594 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0227-6 Ruminal Fluid 317 uM By NMR. Primiparous Holstein cows, no barley grains in diet. Burim NA, Qendrim Z, Fozia S, Psychogios N, Michael JL, Dunn SM, Jianguo X, Wishart DS. Metabolomics reveals unhealthy alterations in rumen metabolism with increased proportion of cereal grain in the diet of dairy cows. Metabolomics. 2010;6(4):583-594 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0227-6 Ruminal Fluid Detected by NMR in bovines in growth and fattening stages. Lee HJ, Jung JY, Oh YK, Lee SS, Madsen EL, Jeon CO: Comparative survey of rumen microbial communities and metabolites across one caprine and three bovine groups, using bar-coded pyrosequencing and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Sep;78(17):5983-93. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00104-12. Epub 2012 Jun 15. 22706048 Ruminal Fluid Detected by NMR in bovines in growth and fattening stages. Lee HJ, Jung JY, Oh YK, Lee SS, Madsen EL, Jeon CO: Comparative survey of rumen microbial communities and metabolites across one caprine and three bovine groups, using bar-coded pyrosequencing and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Sep;78(17):5983-93. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00104-12. Epub 2012 Jun 15. 22706048 Ruminal Fluid Detected by NMR in bovines in growth and fattening stages. Lee HJ, Jung JY, Oh YK, Lee SS, Madsen EL, Jeon CO: Comparative survey of rumen microbial communities and metabolites across one caprine and three bovine groups, using bar-coded pyrosequencing and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Sep;78(17):5983-93. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00104-12. Epub 2012 Jun 15. 22706048 Ruminal Fluid 1702 +/- 471 uM By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Ruminal Fluid 379.4 uM By NMR. Daily cows fed barley grains (15% of diet dry matter) (n=8) Saleem F, Ametaj BN, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Zebeli Q, Dunn SM, Wishart DS: A metabolomics approach to uncover the effects of grain diets on rumen health in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2012 Nov;95(11):6606-23. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5403. Epub 2012 Sep 7. 22959937 Ruminal Fluid 490.1 uM By NMR. Daily cows fed barley grains (30% of diet dry matter) (n=8) Saleem F, Ametaj BN, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Zebeli Q, Dunn SM, Wishart DS: A metabolomics approach to uncover the effects of grain diets on rumen health in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2012 Nov;95(11):6606-23. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5403. Epub 2012 Sep 7. 22959937 Ruminal Fluid 516.5 uM By NMR. Daily cows fed barley grains (45% of diet dry matter) (n=8) Saleem F, Ametaj BN, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Zebeli Q, Dunn SM, Wishart DS: A metabolomics approach to uncover the effects of grain diets on rumen health in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2012 Nov;95(11):6606-23. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5403. Epub 2012 Sep 7. 22959937 Ruminal Fluid 361.4 uM By NMR. No barley grains in diet (n=8) Saleem F, Ametaj BN, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Zebeli Q, Dunn SM, Wishart DS: A metabolomics approach to uncover the effects of grain diets on rumen health in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2012 Nov;95(11):6606-23. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5403. Epub 2012 Sep 7. 22959937 Semen Analysis was performed using GC-MS in Holstein bulls (n = 16). Compound was authenticated by external standard reference(s). Velho ALC, Menezes E, Dinh T, Kaya A, Topper E, Moura AA, Memili E: Metabolomic markers of fertility in bull seminal plasma. PLoS One. 2018 Apr 10;13(4):e0195279. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195279. eCollection 2018. 29634739 Semimembranosus Muscle 541 +/- 234 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Spleen Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Testis 1950-2430 nmol/g of tissue By paper chromatography with spectrophotometric detection Brown-Woodman PD, White IG: Amino acid composition of semen and the secretions of the male reproductive tract. Aust J Biol Sci. 1974 Aug;27(4):415-22. doi: 10.1071/bi9740415. 4429492 Testis 3270 +/- 702 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS & NMR Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 33032 C00025 16015 FDB012535 DB00142 GLT L-Glutamic_Acid C00001358 Horner, L.; Gross, A. Tertiary phosphines. IV. Use of phosphine imines in causing the introduction of primary amino groups. Liebigs Ann. Chem. (1955), 591 117-34. Klein MS, Almstetter MF, Schlamberger G, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ, Meyer HH, Wiedemann S, Gronwald W: Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry-based milk metabolomics in dairy cows during early and late lactation. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Apr;93(4):1539-50. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2563. 20338431 Klein MS, Buttchereit N, Miemczyk SP, Immervoll AK, Louis C, Wiedemann S, Junge W, Thaller G, Oefner PJ, Gronwald W: NMR metabolomic analysis of dairy cows reveals milk glycerophosphocholine to phosphocholine ratio as prognostic biomarker for risk of ketosis. J Proteome Res. 2012 Feb 3;11(2):1373-81. doi: 10.1021/pr201017n. Epub 2011 Dec 9. 22098372 Sundekilde UK, Gustavsson F, Poulsen NA, Glantz M, Paulsson M, Larsen LB, Bertram HC: Association between the bovine milk metabolome and rennet-induced coagulation properties of milk. J Dairy Sci. 2014 Oct;97(10):6076-84. doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8304. Epub 2014 Jul 30. 25087032 Buitenhuis AJ, Sundekilde UK, Poulsen NA, Bertram HC, Larsen LB, Sorensen P: Estimation of genetic parameters and detection of quantitative trait loci for metabolites in Danish Holstein milk. J Dairy Sci. 2013 May;96(5):3285-95. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5914. Epub 2013 Mar 15. 23497994 Lu J, Antunes Fernandes E, Paez Cano AE, Vinitwatanakhun J, Boeren S, van Hooijdonk T, van Knegsel A, Vervoort J, Hettinga KA: Changes in milk proteome and metabolome associated with dry period length, energy balance, and lactation stage in postparturient dairy cows. J Proteome Res. 2013 Jul 5;12(7):3288-96. doi: 10.1021/pr4001306. Epub 2013 Jun 5. 23738862 Mung D, Li L: Development of Chemical Isotope Labeling LC-MS for Milk Metabolomics: Comprehensive and Quantitative Profiling of the Amine/Phenol Submetabolome. Anal Chem. 2017 Apr 18;89(8):4435-4443. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03737. Epub 2017 Mar 28. 28306241 O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. 29642378 A. Foroutan et al. The Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk (in preparation) Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en BMDBP00148 Glutamine synthetase P15103 GLUL Enzyme BMDBP00169 Folylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrial A6H751 FPGS Enzyme BMDBP00197 Glutathione synthetase Q5EAC2 GSS Enzyme BMDBP00226 Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase A4IFQ7 BCAT1 Enzyme BMDBP00227 Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial Q5EA40 BCAT2 Enzyme BMDBP00228 Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase Q0V8J6 BCAT2 Enzyme BMDBP00229 Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase Q5E9U7 BCAT2 Enzyme BMDBP00239 Kynurenine/alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase, mitochondrial Q5E9N4 AADAT Enzyme BMDBP00563 Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] Q1LZA3 ASNS Enzyme BMDBP00566 Aspartyl aminopeptidase Q2HJH1 DNPEP Enzyme BMDBP00567 Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic P33097 GOT1 Enzyme BMDBP00569 Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial P12344 GOT2 Enzyme BMDBP00571 Putative aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic 2 Q2T9S8 GOT1L1 Enzyme BMDBP00572 Glutamyl aminopeptidase Q32LQ0 ENPEP Enzyme BMDBP00596 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial Q9BGI0 ABAT Enzyme BMDBP00631 Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial A8E657 AASS Enzyme BMDBP00632 Saccharopine dehydrogenase-like oxidoreductase Q3T067 SCCPDH Enzyme BMDBP00827 Glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing] 2 Q08DQ2 GFPT2 Enzyme BMDBP00850 Glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit A, mitochondrial Q29RP9 QRSL1 Enzyme BMDBP00852 Glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase Q3ZBF0 NADSYN1 Enzyme BMDBP00855 Phosphoserine aminotransferase A6QR28 PSAT1 Enzyme BMDBP00856 Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial P00366 GLUD1 Enzyme BMDBP00857 5-oxoprolinase Q75WB5 OPLAH Enzyme BMDBP00858 Alanine aminotransferase 1 A4IFH5 GPT Enzyme BMDBP00859 Tyrosine aminotransferase Q58CZ9 TAT Enzyme BMDBP00860 Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial A7YWE4 ALDH4A1 Enzyme BMDBP00861 Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 3 Q0P5G4 KYAT3 Enzyme BMDBP00862 Glutamate decarboxylase 1 Q0VCA1 GAD1 Enzyme BMDBP01217 Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit Q32S38 GCLC Enzyme BMDBP01327 Ornithine aminotransferase, mitochondrial Q3ZCF5 OAT Enzyme BMDBP02099 PRA1 family protein 3 Q5E9M1 ARL6IP5 Enzyme BMDBP02100 Amino acid transporter A6H774 SLC1A6 Enzyme BMDBP02101 Solute carrier family 1 member 2 A5HSH1 SLC1A2 Enzyme BMDBP02849 Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase F1MVC0 CAD Enzyme BMDBP02852 Glutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunit Q2T9Y6 GCLM Enzyme BMDBP02853 Glutaminase 2 E1BHZ6 GLS2 Enzyme BMDBP02856 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase F1MV22 PPAT Enzyme BMDBP02857 GMPS protein Q2T9U0 GMPS Enzyme BMDBP02858 Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial G3N260 EARS2 Enzyme BMDBP02882 Formimidoyltransferase cyclodeaminase F1MNA6 FTCD Enzyme BMDBP02884 Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase A7YWG4 GGH Enzyme BMDBP03011 Glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase G3X6L9 EPRS1 Enzyme