1.0 2016-09-30 22:20:34 UTC 2020-06-04 21:43:45 UTC BMDB0000177 BMDB00177 L-Histidine L-Histidine, also known as H, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as histidine and derivatives. Histidine and derivatives are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. L-Histidine exists as a solid, possibly soluble (in water), and a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa) molecule. L-Histidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. L-Histidine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions, within cattle. In particular, beta-Alanine and L-histidine can be biosynthesized from carnosine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme Beta-ala-his dipeptidase. Furthermore, L-Histidine and beta-alanine can be converted into carnosine through the action of the enzyme carnosine synthase 1. Finally, beta-Alanine and L-histidine can be biosynthesized from carnosine through the action of the enzyme Beta-ala-his dipeptidase. In cattle, L-histidine is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include the histidine metabolism pathway and the beta-alanine metabolism pathway. L-Histidine is a potentially toxic compound. L-Histidine has been found to be associated with several diseases known as autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, perillyl alcohol administration for cancer treatment, pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency, and epilepsy; also l-histidine has been linked to the inborn metabolic disorders including maple syrup urine disease. (S)-4-(2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl)imidazole (S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid (S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid H His HISTIDINE L-(-)-Histidine L-Histidin (S)-a-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoate (S)-a-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid (S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoate (S)-Α-amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoate (S)-Α-amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid (S)-a-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionate (S)-a-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid (S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionate (S)-Α-amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionate (S)-Α-amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid (S)-1H-Imidazole-4-alanine (S)-2-Amino-3-(4-imidazolyl)propionsaeure (S)-Histidine (S)1H-Imidazole-4-alanine 3-(1H-Imidazol-4-yl)-L-alanine Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoate Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid Amino-4-imidazoleproprionate Amino-4-imidazoleproprionic acid Glyoxaline-5-alanine Histidine, L isomer Histidine, L-isomer L-Isomer histidine L-Histidine C6H9N3O2 155.1546 155.069476547 (2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid L-histidine 71-00-1 N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(O)=O InChI=1S/C6H9N3O2/c7-5(6(10)11)1-4-2-8-3-9-4/h2-3,5H,1,7H2,(H,8,9)(H,10,11)/t5-/m0/s1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as histidine and derivatives. Histidine and derivatives are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Organic compounds Organic acids and derivatives Carboxylic acids and derivatives Amino acids, peptides, and analogues Histidine and derivatives Amino acids Aralkylamines Azacyclic compounds Carbonyl compounds Carboxylic acids Heteroaromatic compounds Hydrocarbon derivatives Imidazolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives L-alpha-amino acids Monoalkylamines Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Organic oxides Organopnictogen compounds Alpha-amino acid Amine Amino acid Aralkylamine Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound Azacycle Azole Carbonyl group Carboxylic acid Heteroaromatic compound Histidine or derivatives Hydrocarbon derivative Imidazole Imidazolyl carboxylic acid derivative L-alpha-amino acid Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives Organic nitrogen compound Organic oxide Organic oxygen compound Organoheterocyclic compound Organonitrogen compound Organooxygen compound Organopnictogen compound Primary aliphatic amine Primary amine Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds Common amino acids L-alpha-amino acid histidine proteinogenic amino acid Solid melting_point 287 °C water_solubility 45.6 mg/mL logp -3.32 CHMELIK,J ET AL. (1991) logp -2.67 ALOGPS logs -0.34 ALOGPS logp -3.6 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 1.85 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic 9.44 ChemAxon iupac (2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid ChemAxon average_mass 155.1546 ChemAxon mono_mass 155.069476547 ChemAxon smiles N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(O)=O ChemAxon formula C6H9N3O2 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C6H9N3O2/c7-5(6(10)11)1-4-2-8-3-9-4/h2-3,5H,1,7H2,(H,8,9)(H,10,11)/t5-/m0/s1 ChemAxon inchikey HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 92 ChemAxon refractivity 38.06 ChemAxon polarizability 14.67 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 3 ChemAxon acceptor_count 4 ChemAxon donor_count 3 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon number_of_rings 1 ChemAxon bioavailability 1 ChemAxon rule_of_five Yes ChemAxon ghose_filter Yes ChemAxon veber_rule Yes ChemAxon mddr_like_rule Yes ChemAxon Ammonia Recycling SMP0087177 beta-Alanine Metabolism SMP0087180 Histidine Metabolism SMP0087219 Protein Synthesis: Histidine SMP0119392 Specdb::NmrTwoD 1189 Specdb::MsIr 264 Specdb::MsIr 265 Specdb::MsIr 266 Specdb::EiMs 1976 Specdb::MsMs 283 Specdb::MsMs 284 Specdb::MsMs 285 Specdb::MsMs 3351 Specdb::MsMs 3352 Specdb::MsMs 3353 Specdb::MsMs 3354 Specdb::MsMs 3355 Specdb::MsMs 3356 Specdb::MsMs 3357 Specdb::MsMs 3358 Specdb::MsMs 3359 Specdb::MsMs 3360 Specdb::MsMs 3361 Specdb::MsMs 3362 Specdb::MsMs 3363 Specdb::MsMs 3364 Specdb::MsMs 3365 Specdb::MsMs 3366 Specdb::MsMs 3367 Specdb::MsMs 3368 Specdb::MsMs 3369 Specdb::MsMs 3370 Specdb::MsMs 3371 Specdb::MsMs 3372 Specdb::CMs 416 Specdb::CMs 417 Specdb::CMs 418 Specdb::CMs 419 Specdb::CMs 1646 Specdb::CMs 1833 Specdb::CMs 3063 Specdb::CMs 30203 Specdb::CMs 30309 Specdb::CMs 30596 Specdb::CMs 30739 Specdb::CMs 30768 Specdb::CMs 31051 Specdb::CMs 31052 Specdb::CMs 31961 Specdb::CMs 31962 Specdb::CMs 37340 Specdb::CMs 157409 Specdb::CMs 1052791 Specdb::CMs 1052793 Specdb::CMs 1052795 Specdb::CMs 1052797 Specdb::CMs 1052799 Specdb::NmrOneD 1146 Specdb::NmrOneD 1193 Specdb::NmrOneD 142730 Specdb::NmrOneD 142731 Specdb::NmrOneD 142732 Specdb::NmrOneD 142733 Specdb::NmrOneD 142734 Specdb::NmrOneD 142735 Specdb::NmrOneD 142736 Specdb::NmrOneD 142737 Specdb::NmrOneD 142738 Specdb::NmrOneD 142739 Specdb::NmrOneD 142740 Specdb::NmrOneD 142741 Specdb::NmrOneD 142742 Specdb::NmrOneD 142743 Specdb::NmrOneD 142744 Specdb::NmrOneD 142745 Specdb::NmrOneD 142746 Specdb::NmrOneD 142747 Specdb::NmrOneD 142748 Specdb::NmrOneD 142749 Specdb::NmrOneD 166370 Specdb::NmrOneD 166434 Specdb::NmrOneD 166541 All Tissues Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Blood Detected by NMR De Buck J, Shaykhutdinov R, Barkema HW, Vogel HJ: Metabolomic profiling in cattle experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 5;9(11):e111872. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111872. eCollection 2014. 25372282 Blood Jiyuan Li, Everestus C. Akanno, Tiago Valente, Mohammed Abo-Ismail, Brian Karisa, Zhiquan Wang, Graham S. Plastow. Genomic heritability and genome-wide association studies of plasma metabolites in crossbred beef cattle. (in preparation) Blood 74-84 uM Ion exchange chromatography with fluorometric detection Greenwood RH, Titgemeyer EC, Stokka GL, Drouillard JS, Loest CA: Effects of L-carnitine on nitrogen retention and blood metabolites of growing steers and performance of finishing steers. J Anim Sci. 2001 Jan;79(1):254-60. doi: 10.2527/2001.791254x. 11204708 Blood 91.6 uM Wessels RH, Titgemeyer EC, St Jean G: Effect of amino acid supplementation on whole-body protein turnover in Holstein steers. J Anim Sci. 1997 Nov;75(11):3066-73. 9374324 Blood 76-93 uM Chromatography with spectrophotometric detection Motyl T, Barej W: Plasma amino acid indices and urinary 3-methyl histidine excretion in dairy cows in early lactation. Ann Rech Vet. 1986;17(2):153-7. 3535614 Blood 52.3-54.5 uM By HPLC Zhou Z, Vailati-Riboni M, Luchini DN, Loor JJ: Methionine and Choline Supply during the Periparturient Period Alter Plasma Amino Acid and One-Carbon Metabolism Profiles to Various Extents: Potential Role in Hepatic Metabolism and Antioxidant Status. Nutrients. 2016 Dec 29;9(1). pii: nu9010010. doi: 10.3390/nu9010010. 28036059 Blood 78 +/- 10 uM By LC-MS/MS Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Blood Detected by DFI-MS/MS (P180) in periparturient Holstein cows. Hailemariam D, Mandal R, Saleem F, Dunn SM, Wishart DS, Ametaj BN: Identification of predictive biomarkers of disease state in transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2014 May;97(5):2680-93. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-6803. Epub 2014 Mar 13. 24630653 Colostrum Detected after TiO2 phosphopeptide enrichment and nano-HPLC-MS/MS analysis in longissimus dorsi muscle. D'Alessandro A, Rinalducci S, Marrocco C, Zolla V, Napolitano F, Zolla L: Love me tender: an Omics window on the bovine meat tenderness network. J Proteomics. 2012 Jul 19;75(14):4360-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.02.013. Epub 2012 Feb 21. 22361340 Liver Metabolomics analysis was performed using GC-MS/LC-MS in multiparous Holstein dairy cows Shahzad K, Lopreiato V, Liang Y, Trevisi E, Osorio JS, Xu C, Loor JJ: Hepatic metabolomics and transcriptomics to study susceptibility to ketosis in response to prepartal nutritional management. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2019 Dec 18;10:96. doi: 10.1186/s40104-019-0404-z. eCollection 2019. 31867104 Liver 382 +/- 67 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Longissimus Thoracis Muscle 75 +/- 18 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Milk 2.0 +/- 0.1 uM Commercial 1% milk by LC-HRMS Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 3.1 +/- 0.2 uM Commercial 2% milk by LC-HRMS Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 4.2 +/- 0.1 uM Commercial 3.25% milk by LC-HRMS Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 2.8 +/- 0.1 uM Commercial skim milk by LC-HRMS Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk Commercial, conventional whole milk Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff, John A. Ryals. Characterization of the biochemical variability of bovine milk using metabolomics. Metabolomics (2009) 5:375-386 doi: 10.1007/s11306-009-0160-8 Milk Detected but not quantified in conventional whole milk Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff and John A. Ryals. Characterization of the biochemical variability of bovine milk using metabolomics. Metabolomics (2009) 5:375?386 Milk 3 +/- 1 uM 1% milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 2 +/- 1 uM 2% milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 4 +/- 1 uM 3.25% milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Milk 4 +/- 2 uM Skim milk by NMR Foroutan A, Guo AC, Vazquez-Fresno R, Lipfert M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Badran H, Budinski Z, Mandal R, Ametaj BN, Wishart DS: Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00204. 30994344 Muscle Detected after TiO2 phosphopeptide enrichment and nano-HPLC-MS/MS analysis in longissimus dorsi muscle. D'Alessandro A, Rinalducci S, Marrocco C, Zolla V, Napolitano F, Zolla L: Love me tender: an Omics window on the bovine meat tenderness network. J Proteomics. 2012 Jul 19;75(14):4360-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.02.013. Epub 2012 Feb 21. 22361340 Muscle 134-281 nmol/g of tissue By CE-TOFMS Muroya S, Oe M, Ojima K, Watanabe A: Metabolomic approach to key metabolites characterizing postmortem aged loin muscle of Japanese Black (Wagyu) cattle. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2019 Aug;32(8):1172-1185. doi: 10.5713/ajas.18.0648. Epub 2019 Jan 4. 30744349 Placenta Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Prostate Tissue Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089. 29140435 Ruminal Fluid 58-484 uM By NMR Lee HJ, Jung JY, Oh YK, Lee SS, Madsen EL, Jeon CO: Comparative survey of rumen microbial communities and metabolites across one caprine and three bovine groups, using bar-coded pyrosequencing and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Sep;78(17):5983-93. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00104-12. Epub 2012 Jun 15. 22706048 Ruminal Fluid 43 +/- 9 uM Samples have been collected from 8 healthy primiparous Holstein cow fed barley grains (15% of diet dry matter). Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 55 +/- 14 uM Samples have been collected from 8 healthy primiparous Holstein cow fed barley grains (30% of diet dry matter). Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 29 +/- 11 uM Samples have been collected from 8 healthy primiparous Holstein cow fed barley grains (45% of diet dry matter). Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 32 +/- 10 uM Samples have been collected from 8 healthy primiparous Holstein cow, no barley grains in diet. Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 29.7 uM By NMR. Primiparous Holstein cows fed barley grains (15% of diet dry matter) Burim NA, Qendrim Z, Fozia S, Psychogios N, Michael JL, Dunn SM, Jianguo X, Wishart DS. Metabolomics reveals unhealthy alterations in rumen metabolism with increased proportion of cereal grain in the diet of dairy cows. Metabolomics. 2010;6(4):583-594 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0227-6 Ruminal Fluid 35.2 uM By NMR. Primiparous Holstein cows fed barley grains (30% of diet dry matter) Burim NA, Qendrim Z, Fozia S, Psychogios N, Michael JL, Dunn SM, Jianguo X, Wishart DS. Metabolomics reveals unhealthy alterations in rumen metabolism with increased proportion of cereal grain in the diet of dairy cows. Metabolomics. 2010;6(4):583-594 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0227-6 Ruminal Fluid 24.8 uM By NMR. Primiparous Holstein cows fed barley grains (45% of diet dry matter) Burim NA, Qendrim Z, Fozia S, Psychogios N, Michael JL, Dunn SM, Jianguo X, Wishart DS. Metabolomics reveals unhealthy alterations in rumen metabolism with increased proportion of cereal grain in the diet of dairy cows. Metabolomics. 2010;6(4):583-594 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0227-6 Ruminal Fluid 31.8 uM By NMR. Primiparous Holstein cows, no barley grains in diet. Burim NA, Qendrim Z, Fozia S, Psychogios N, Michael JL, Dunn SM, Jianguo X, Wishart DS. Metabolomics reveals unhealthy alterations in rumen metabolism with increased proportion of cereal grain in the diet of dairy cows. Metabolomics. 2010;6(4):583-594 doi: 10.1007/s11306-010-0227-6 Ruminal Fluid Detected by NMR in bovines in growth and fattening stages. Lee HJ, Jung JY, Oh YK, Lee SS, Madsen EL, Jeon CO: Comparative survey of rumen microbial communities and metabolites across one caprine and three bovine groups, using bar-coded pyrosequencing and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Sep;78(17):5983-93. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00104-12. Epub 2012 Jun 15. 22706048 Ruminal Fluid Detected by NMR in bovines in growth and fattening stages. Lee HJ, Jung JY, Oh YK, Lee SS, Madsen EL, Jeon CO: Comparative survey of rumen microbial communities and metabolites across one caprine and three bovine groups, using bar-coded pyrosequencing and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Sep;78(17):5983-93. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00104-12. Epub 2012 Jun 15. 22706048 Ruminal Fluid Detected by NMR in bovines in growth and fattening stages. Lee HJ, Jung JY, Oh YK, Lee SS, Madsen EL, Jeon CO: Comparative survey of rumen microbial communities and metabolites across one caprine and three bovine groups, using bar-coded pyrosequencing and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Sep;78(17):5983-93. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00104-12. Epub 2012 Jun 15. 22706048 Ruminal Fluid 16.1 uM Wadud S, Onodera R, Or-Rashid MM, Amin MR: Determination of histidine and related compounds in rumen fluid by liquid chromatography. J AOAC Int. 2000 Jan-Feb;83(1):8-15. 10692998 Ruminal Fluid 47.98 +/- 15.77 uM Fozia Saleem, Souhaila Bouatra, An Chi Guo, Nikolaos Psychogios, Rupasri Mandal, Suzanna M. Dunn, Burim N. Ametaj, David S. Wishart. The Bovine Ruminal Fluid Metabolome. Metabolomics (2013) 9:360–378. Ruminal Fluid 44 +/- 28 uM By LC-MS/MS Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Ruminal Fluid 42.9 uM By NMR. Daily cows fed barley grains (15% of diet dry matter) (n=8) Saleem F, Ametaj BN, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Zebeli Q, Dunn SM, Wishart DS: A metabolomics approach to uncover the effects of grain diets on rumen health in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2012 Nov;95(11):6606-23. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5403. Epub 2012 Sep 7. 22959937 Ruminal Fluid 55.1 uM By NMR. Daily cows fed barley grains (30% of diet dry matter) (n=8) Saleem F, Ametaj BN, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Zebeli Q, Dunn SM, Wishart DS: A metabolomics approach to uncover the effects of grain diets on rumen health in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2012 Nov;95(11):6606-23. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5403. Epub 2012 Sep 7. 22959937 Ruminal Fluid 28.8 uM By NMR. Daily cows fed barley grains (45% of diet dry matter) (n=8) Saleem F, Ametaj BN, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Zebeli Q, Dunn SM, Wishart DS: A metabolomics approach to uncover the effects of grain diets on rumen health in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2012 Nov;95(11):6606-23. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5403. Epub 2012 Sep 7. 22959937 Ruminal Fluid 48 uM By NMR. No barley grains in diet (n=8) Saleem F, Ametaj BN, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Zebeli Q, Dunn SM, Wishart DS: A metabolomics approach to uncover the effects of grain diets on rumen health in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2012 Nov;95(11):6606-23. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5403. Epub 2012 Sep 7. 22959937 Semen From 5 bulls Sexton TJ, Amann RP, Flipse RJ: Free amino acids and protein in rete testis fluid, vas deferens plasma, accessory sex gland fluid, and seminal plasma of the conscious bull. J Dairy Sci. 1971 Mar;54(3):412-6. doi: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(71)85854-x. 5096119 Semimembranosus Muscle 85 +/- 20 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 Testis 20 nmol/g of tissue By chromatography with spectrophotometric detection Sexton TJ, Amann RP, Flipse RJ: Free amino acids and protein in rete testis fluid, vas deferens plasma, accessory sex gland fluid, and seminal plasma of the conscious bull. J Dairy Sci. 1971 Mar;54(3):412-6. doi: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(71)85854-x. 5096119 Testis 61 +/- 13 nmol/g of tissue By LC-MS/MS Aidin Foroutan, Carolyn Fitzsimmons, Rupasri Mandal, Hamed Piri‐Moghadam, Jiamin Zheng, AnChi Guo, Carin Li, Le Luo Guan and David S. Wishart. The Bovine Metabolome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 233; doi:10.3390/metabo10060233 C00135 DB00117 FDB011856 6038 6274 15971 HIS C00001363 33985 L-histidine 21 Aurelio Luigi; Brownlee Robert T C; Hughes Andrew B A novel synthesis of N-methyl asparagine, arginine, histidine, and tryptophan. Organic letters (2002), 4(21), 3767-9. Mung D, Li L: Development of Chemical Isotope Labeling LC-MS for Milk Metabolomics: Comprehensive and Quantitative Profiling of the Amine/Phenol Submetabolome. Anal Chem. 2017 Apr 18;89(8):4435-4443. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03737. Epub 2017 Mar 28. 28306241 Mung D, Li L: Applying quantitative metabolomics based on chemical isotope labeling LC-MS for detecting potential milk adulterant in human milk. Anal Chim Acta. 2018 Feb 25;1001:78-85. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.019. Epub 2017 Nov 14. 29291809 Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff and John A. Ryals. Characterization of the biochemical variability of bovine milk using metabolomics. Metabolomics (2009) 5:375?386 A. Foroutan et al. The Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk (in preparation) Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU): https://frida.fooddata.dk/QueryFood.php?fn=milk&lang=en BMDBP00416 Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 6 Q5E9L5 PRMT6 Enzyme BMDBP00561 Histidine decarboxylase Q5EA83 HDC Enzyme BMDBP00650 Cytosolic non-specific dipeptidase Q3ZC84 CNDP2 Enzyme BMDBP01130 Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 2, mitochondrial Q8SQ21 HINT2 Enzyme BMDBP01131 Histidine ammonia-lyase A7YWP4 HAL Enzyme BMDBP01132 Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 3 Q2YDJ4 HINT3 Enzyme BMDBP01133 Presenilins-associated rhomboid-like protein, mitochondrial Q2KHV4 PARL Enzyme BMDBP01134 Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 P62958 HINT1 Enzyme BMDBP01135 Histidine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic Q2KI84 HARS1 Enzyme BMDBP01136 Histidine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial A5D7V9 HARS2 Enzyme BMDBP02092 Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 5 Q5E9S9 SLC38A5 Enzyme BMDBP02094 Na+ and H+ coupled amino acid transport system N1 Q866Q8 Enzyme BMDBP02095 SLC38A3 protein Q3MHG9 SLC38A3 Enzyme BMDBP02097 Solute carrier family 38 member 3 B0LSH5 SLC38A3 Enzyme BMDBP02098 Solute carrier family 38, member 3 Q5BIN7 SLC38A3 Enzyme BMDBP02581 Histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 A1XEA3 HINT1 Enzyme BMDBP02904 ATP-grasp domain-containing protein A5PJL9 Enzyme