<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<metabolite>
  <version>1.0</version>
  <creation_date>2016-09-30 22:35:17 UTC</creation_date>
  <update_date>2020-06-04 20:23:42 UTC</update_date>
  <accession>BMDB0000710</accession>
  <secondary_accessions>
    <accession>BMDB00710</accession>
  </secondary_accessions>
  <name>4-Hydroxybutyric acid</name>
  <description/>
  <synonyms>
    <synonym>3-Carboxypropoxy acid</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxy-butyric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxyalkanoic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxybutanoate</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxybutanoic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxycarboxylic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Gamma Hydroxybutyric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>GHB</synonym>
    <synonym>Oxy-N-butyric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Xyrem</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxy-butyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxyalkanoate</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxycarboxylate</synonym>
    <synonym>g Hydroxybutyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>g Hydroxybutyric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>gamma Hydroxybutyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>Γ hydroxybutyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>Γ hydroxybutyric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>g-Hydroxybutyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>g-Hydroxybutyric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>gamma-Hydroxybutyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>Γ-hydroxybutyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>Γ-hydroxybutyric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Oxy-N-butyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxybutyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxy-butanoate</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxy-butanoic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxybutyrate sodium</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxybutyric acid monosodium salt</synonym>
    <synonym>gamma-Hydroxy butyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>gamma-Hydroxy sodium butyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>gamma-Hydroxybutyrate sodium</synonym>
    <synonym>Hydroxybutyric acid</synonym>
  </synonyms>
  <chemical_formula>C4H8O3</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>104.1045</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>104.047344122</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>4-hydroxybutanoic acid</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>gamma hydroxybutyric acid</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>591-81-1</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>OCCCC(O)=O</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C4H8O3/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7/h5H,1-3H2,(H,6,7)</inchi>
  <inchikey>SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N</inchikey>
  <taxonomy>
    <description> belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxy fatty acids. These are fatty acids in which the chain bears a hydroxyl group.</description>
    <kingdom>Organic compounds</kingdom>
    <super_class>Lipids and lipid-like molecules</super_class>
    <class>Fatty Acyls</class>
    <sub_class>Fatty acids and conjugates</sub_class>
    <direct_parent>Hydroxy fatty acids</direct_parent>
    <alternative_parents>
      <alternative_parent>Carbonyl compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Carboxylic acids</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Hydrocarbon derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organic oxides</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Primary alcohols</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Short-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Straight chain fatty acids</alternative_parent>
    </alternative_parents>
    <substituents>
      <substituent>Alcohol</substituent>
      <substituent>Aliphatic acyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Carbonyl group</substituent>
      <substituent>Carboxylic acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Carboxylic acid derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>Hydrocarbon derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>Hydroxy fatty acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxide</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organooxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Primary alcohol</substituent>
      <substituent>Short-chain hydroxy acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Straight chain fatty acid</substituent>
    </substituents>
    <molecular_framework>Aliphatic acyclic compounds</molecular_framework>
    <external_descriptors>
      <external_descriptor>4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>Hydroxy fatty acids</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>hydroxybutyric acid</external_descriptor>
    </external_descriptors>
  </taxonomy>
  <experimental_properties>
    <state>Solid</state>
  </experimental_properties>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>-0.63</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>0.68</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>-0.51</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>pka_strongest_acidic</kind>
      <value>4.44</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>pka_strongest_basic</kind>
      <value>-2.4</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>iupac</kind>
      <value>4-hydroxybutanoic acid</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>average_mass</kind>
      <value>104.1045</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>mono_mass</kind>
      <value>104.047344122</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>smiles</kind>
      <value>OCCCC(O)=O</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>formula</kind>
      <value>C4H8O3</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>inchi</kind>
      <value>InChI=1S/C4H8O3/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7/h5H,1-3H2,(H,6,7)</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>inchikey</kind>
      <value>SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
      <value>57.53</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>refractivity</kind>
      <value>23.8</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>polarizability</kind>
      <value>10.17</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
      <value>3</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
      <value>3</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>donor_count</kind>
      <value>2</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
      <value>-1</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>formal_charge</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>number_of_rings</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>bioavailability</kind>
      <value>1</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>rule_of_five</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>ghose_filter</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>veber_rule</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>mddr_like_rule</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <pathways>
  </pathways>
  <spectra>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::EiMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>314</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>986</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>14061</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>31203</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>32047</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>37710</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>135411</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>143145</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1072680</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1072682</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1072684</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1072685</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1072687</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256408</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256409</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256410</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256411</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256412</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256413</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256414</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256415</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256416</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256417</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256418</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256419</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256420</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256421</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256422</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256423</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256424</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256425</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256426</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>256427</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>26384</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>26385</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>26386</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>32942</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>32943</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>32944</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1470825</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472610</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472611</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472612</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472613</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472614</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472615</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472616</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472617</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472618</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472619</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472620</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472621</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472622</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472623</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472624</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472625</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1472626</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1477816</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsIr</type>
      <spectrum_id>769</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsIr</type>
      <spectrum_id>770</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsIr</type>
      <spectrum_id>771</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
  </spectra>
  <normal_concentrations>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Liver</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <comment>8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under alfalfa hay based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform.</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>31873721</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Liver</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <comment>8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under corn stover based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform.</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>31873721</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Mammary Gland</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <comment>8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under alfalfa hay based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform.</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>31873721</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Mammary Gland</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <comment>8 multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows fed in the Hangzhou Hangjiang Dairy Farm based on the milk production under corn stover based diets. Detection used gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) platform.</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Sun HZ, Zhou M, Wang O, Chen Y, Liu JX, Guan LL: Multi-omics reveals functional genomic and metabolic mechanisms of milk production and quality in dairy cows. Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr 15;36(8):2530-2537. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz951.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>31873721</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Placenta</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>29140435</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
  </normal_concentrations>
  <foodb_id>FDB022196</foodb_id>
  <chemspider_id>9984</chemspider_id>
  <kegg_id>C01991</kegg_id>
  <pubchem_compound_id>10413</pubchem_compound_id>
  <phenol_explorer_compound_id/>
  <chebi_id>30830</chebi_id>
  <drugbank_id/>
  <pdbe_id/>
  <knapsack_id/>
  <meta_cyc_id>4-HYDROXY-BUTYRATE</meta_cyc_id>
  <bigg_id/>
  <wikipedia_id>Oxybate</wikipedia_id>
  <metlin_id>5678</metlin_id>
  <synthesis_reference>Takigawa, Shinichiro; Araya, Shuzo.  Process for the preparation of g-hydroxybutyric acid as a synthetic intermediate.   Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho  (1988),     3 pp.</synthesis_reference>
  <general_references>
  </general_references>
  <protein_associations>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00595</protein_accession>
      <name>Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>A6QP15</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>ADHFE1</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
  </protein_associations>
</metabolite>
