<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<metabolite>
  <version>1.0</version>
  <creation_date>2016-09-30 22:45:44 UTC</creation_date>
  <update_date>2020-05-21 16:29:07 UTC</update_date>
  <accession>BMDB0001423</accession>
  <secondary_accessions>
    <accession>BMDB01423</accession>
  </secondary_accessions>
  <name>Coenzyme A</name>
  <description/>
  <synonyms>
    <synonym>3'-Phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine</synonym>
    <synonym>[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl dihydrogen diphosphate</synonym>
    <synonym>CoA</synonym>
    <synonym>CoA-SH</synonym>
    <synonym>CoASH</synonym>
    <synonym>Coenzym a</synonym>
    <synonym>HSCoA</synonym>
    <synonym>Koenzym a</synonym>
    <synonym>[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl dihydrogen diphosphoric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulphanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl dihydrogen diphosphate</synonym>
    <synonym>[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulphanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl dihydrogen diphosphoric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>a, Coenzyme</synonym>
    <synonym>18-CoA-18-oxo-Dinor-LTB4</synonym>
    <synonym>Acetoacetyl coenzyme A sodium salt</synonym>
    <synonym>CoA Hydrate</synonym>
    <synonym>coenzyme A Hydrate</synonym>
    <synonym>coenzyme A-SH</synonym>
    <synonym>coenzyme ASH</synonym>
    <synonym>Depot-zeel</synonym>
    <synonym>Propionyl CoA</synonym>
    <synonym>Propionyl coenzyme A</synonym>
    <synonym>S-Propanoate</synonym>
    <synonym>S-Propanoate CoA</synonym>
    <synonym>S-Propanoate coenzyme A</synonym>
    <synonym>S-Propanoic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>S-Propionate CoA</synonym>
    <synonym>S-Propionate coenzyme A</synonym>
    <synonym>Zeel</synonym>
    <synonym>Coenzyme A</synonym>
  </synonyms>
  <chemical_formula>C21H36N7O16P3S</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>767.534</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>767.115208365</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-({[hydroxy({hydroxy[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-({2-[(2-sulfanylethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)propoxy]phosphoryl}oxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>coenzyme A</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>85-61-0</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>CC(C)(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2N)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCS</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C21H36N7O16P3S/c1-21(2,16(31)19(32)24-4-3-12(29)23-5-6-48)8-41-47(38,39)44-46(36,37)40-7-11-15(43-45(33,34)35)14(30)20(42-11)28-10-27-13-17(22)25-9-26-18(13)28/h9-11,14-16,20,30-31,48H,3-8H2,1-2H3,(H,23,29)(H,24,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,25,26)(H2,33,34,35)/t11-,14-,15-,16+,20-/m1/s1</inchi>
  <inchikey>RGJOEKWQDUBAIZ-IBOSZNHHSA-N</inchikey>
  <taxonomy>
    <description> belongs to the class of organic compounds known as coenzyme a and derivatives. These are derivative of vitamin B5 containing a 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety attached to a diphospho-adenosine.</description>
    <kingdom>Organic compounds</kingdom>
    <super_class>Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues</super_class>
    <class>Purine nucleotides</class>
    <sub_class>Purine ribonucleotides</sub_class>
    <direct_parent>Coenzyme A and derivatives</direct_parent>
    <alternative_parents>
      <alternative_parent>6-aminopurines</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Alkylthiols</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Aminopyrimidines and derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Azacyclic compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Carboximidic acids</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Glycosylamines</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Heteroaromatic compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Hydrocarbon derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Imidolactams</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Monoalkyl phosphates</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Monosaccharide phosphates</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>N-substituted imidazoles</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organic oxides</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organic pyrophosphates</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organopnictogen compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Oxacyclic compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Pentose phosphates</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Primary amines</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Purine ribonucleoside diphosphates</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Ribonucleoside 3'-phosphates</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Secondary alcohols</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Tetrahydrofurans</alternative_parent>
    </alternative_parents>
    <substituents>
      <substituent>6-aminopurine</substituent>
      <substituent>Alcohol</substituent>
      <substituent>Alkyl phosphate</substituent>
      <substituent>Alkylthiol</substituent>
      <substituent>Amine</substituent>
      <substituent>Aminopyrimidine</substituent>
      <substituent>Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Azacycle</substituent>
      <substituent>Azole</substituent>
      <substituent>Carboximidic acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Carboximidic acid derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>Coenzyme a or derivatives</substituent>
      <substituent>Glycosyl compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Heteroaromatic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Hydrocarbon derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>Imidazole</substituent>
      <substituent>Imidazopyrimidine</substituent>
      <substituent>Imidolactam</substituent>
      <substituent>Monoalkyl phosphate</substituent>
      <substituent>Monosaccharide</substituent>
      <substituent>Monosaccharide phosphate</substituent>
      <substituent>N-glycosyl compound</substituent>
      <substituent>N-substituted imidazole</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic 1,3-dipolar compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic nitrogen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxide</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic phosphoric acid derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic pyrophosphate</substituent>
      <substituent>Organoheterocyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organonitrogen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organooxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organopnictogen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organosulfur compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Oxacycle</substituent>
      <substituent>Pentose monosaccharide</substituent>
      <substituent>Pentose phosphate</substituent>
      <substituent>Pentose-5-phosphate</substituent>
      <substituent>Phosphoric acid ester</substituent>
      <substituent>Primary amine</substituent>
      <substituent>Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Purine</substituent>
      <substituent>Purine ribonucleoside diphosphate</substituent>
      <substituent>Pyrimidine</substituent>
      <substituent>Ribonucleoside 3'-phosphate</substituent>
      <substituent>Secondary alcohol</substituent>
      <substituent>Tetrahydrofuran</substituent>
    </substituents>
    <molecular_framework>Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds</molecular_framework>
    <external_descriptors>
      <external_descriptor>adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate</external_descriptor>
    </external_descriptors>
  </taxonomy>
  <experimental_properties>
    <state>Solid</state>
  </experimental_properties>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>-0.61</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>-2.22</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>-5.7</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>pka_strongest_acidic</kind>
      <value>0.82</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>pka_strongest_basic</kind>
      <value>4.01</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>iupac</kind>
      <value>{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-({[hydroxy({hydroxy[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-({2-[(2-sulfanylethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)propoxy]phosphoryl}oxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>average_mass</kind>
      <value>767.534</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>mono_mass</kind>
      <value>767.115208365</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>smiles</kind>
      <value>CC(C)(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2N)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCS</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>formula</kind>
      <value>C21H36N7O16P3S</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>inchi</kind>
      <value>InChI=1S/C21H36N7O16P3S/c1-21(2,16(31)19(32)24-4-3-12(29)23-5-6-48)8-41-47(38,39)44-46(36,37)40-7-11-15(43-45(33,34)35)14(30)20(42-11)28-10-27-13-17(22)25-9-26-18(13)28/h9-11,14-16,20,30-31,48H,3-8H2,1-2H3,(H,23,29)(H,24,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,25,26)(H2,33,34,35)/t11-,14-,15-,16+,20-/m1/s1</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>inchikey</kind>
      <value>RGJOEKWQDUBAIZ-IBOSZNHHSA-N</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
      <value>346.56</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>refractivity</kind>
      <value>162.74</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>polarizability</kind>
      <value>68.21</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
      <value>18</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
      <value>16</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>donor_count</kind>
      <value>10</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
      <value>-4</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>formal_charge</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>number_of_rings</kind>
      <value>3</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>bioavailability</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>rule_of_five</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>ghose_filter</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>veber_rule</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>mddr_like_rule</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <pathways>
  </pathways>
  <spectra>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrTwoD</type>
      <spectrum_id>2010</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>262158</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>262159</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>262160</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>282090</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>282091</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>282092</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1218124</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1218125</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1218126</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2236457</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2236933</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2244897</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2245203</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2246968</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2247339</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2248904</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2248939</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2249435</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2250929</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2251015</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2251411</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2251459</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2819721</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2819722</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2819723</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>5176</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9282</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9283</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9284</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9285</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9286</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9287</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9288</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9289</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9290</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9291</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9292</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9293</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9294</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9295</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9296</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9297</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9298</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9299</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9300</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>9301</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>72687</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782311</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782312</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782313</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782314</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782315</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782316</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782317</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782318</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782319</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782320</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782321</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782322</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782323</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782324</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782325</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782326</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782327</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>782328</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
  </spectra>
  <normal_concentrations>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Adipose Tissue</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>29140435</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Fibroblasts</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>29140435</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Liver</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <comment>Metabolomics analysis was performed using GC-MS/LC-MS in multiparous Holstein dairy cows</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Shahzad K, Lopreiato V, Liang Y, Trevisi E, Osorio JS, Xu C, Loor JJ: Hepatic metabolomics and transcriptomics to study susceptibility to ketosis in response to prepartal nutritional management. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2019 Dec 18;10:96. doi: 10.1186/s40104-019-0404-z. eCollection 2019.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>31867104</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Skeletal Muscle</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value/>
      <concentration_units/>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>29140435</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
  </normal_concentrations>
  <foodb_id>FDB022614</foodb_id>
  <kegg_id>C00010</kegg_id>
  <chemspider_id>79067</chemspider_id>
  <drugbank_id>DB01992</drugbank_id>
  <pubchem_compound_id>87642</pubchem_compound_id>
  <chebi_id>15346</chebi_id>
  <pdbe_id/>
  <phenol_explorer_compound_id/>
  <knapsack_id>C00007258</knapsack_id>
  <bigg_id/>
  <wikipedia_id>Coenzyme_A</wikipedia_id>
  <metlin_id/>
  <meta_cyc_id>CO-A</meta_cyc_id>
  <synthesis_reference/>
  <general_references>
  </general_references>
  <protein_associations>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00175</protein_accession>
      <name>ATP-citrate synthase</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q32PF2</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>ACLY</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00212</protein_accession>
      <name>Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase</name>
      <uniprot_id>A4IF87</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>GNPAT</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00244</protein_accession>
      <name>Peroxisomal carnitine O-octanoyltransferase</name>
      <uniprot_id>O19094</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>CROT</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00245</protein_accession>
      <name>Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, muscle isoform</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q58DK1</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>CPT1B</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00246</protein_accession>
      <name>Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q2KJB7</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>CPT2</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00260</protein_accession>
      <name>Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [acylating], mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q07536</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>ALDH6A1</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00358</protein_accession>
      <name>Serotonin N-acetyltransferase</name>
      <uniprot_id>O02785</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>AANAT</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00359</protein_accession>
      <name>Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q2KIE6</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>HMGCS2</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00360</protein_accession>
      <name>Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q1JPA6</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>NAT1</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00362</protein_accession>
      <name>Citrate synthase, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q29RK1</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>CS</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00366</protein_accession>
      <name>2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q0P5L8</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>GCAT</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00367</protein_accession>
      <name>Acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 3, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>A7MB45</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>ACSS3</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00368</protein_accession>
      <name>Fatty acid synthase</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q71SP7</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>FASN</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00369</protein_accession>
      <name>3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q3T0R7</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>ACAA2</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00371</protein_accession>
      <name>Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q29RZ0</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>ACAT1</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00509</protein_accession>
      <name>Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM1, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q9BEA2</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>ACSM1</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00535</protein_accession>
      <name>Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q70VZ8</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>DGAT2</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00549</protein_accession>
      <name>3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q2HJ73</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>HIBCH</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00624</protein_accession>
      <name>5-aminolevulinate synthase, nonspecific, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>A6QLI6</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>ALAS1</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00626</protein_accession>
      <name>Succinate--CoA ligase [ADP/GDP-forming] subunit alpha, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q58DR8</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>SUCLG1</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00627</protein_accession>
      <name>Succinate--CoA ligase [GDP-forming] subunit beta, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q3MHX5</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>SUCLG2</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00628</protein_accession>
      <name>Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase component of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>P11179</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>DLST</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00637</protein_accession>
      <name>2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase subunit alpha, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>P11178</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>BCKDHA</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00638</protein_accession>
      <name>2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase subunit beta, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>P21839</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>BCKDHB</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00785</protein_accession>
      <name>Pyruvate dehydrogenase protein X component</name>
      <uniprot_id>P22439</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>PDHX</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00786</protein_accession>
      <name>Lipoamide acyltransferase component of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>P11181</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>DBT</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00800</protein_accession>
      <name>D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q1JPD3</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>D2HGDH</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00934</protein_accession>
      <name>Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q5GJ77</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>GPAM</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP00956</protein_accession>
      <name>Glycine N-acyltransferase</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q2KIR7</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>GLYAT</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP01073</protein_accession>
      <name>2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q148N0</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>OGDH</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP01074</protein_accession>
      <name>Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>A7MB35</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>PDHA1</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP01076</protein_accession>
      <name>Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial</name>
      <uniprot_id>P11966</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>PDHB</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP01120</protein_accession>
      <name>Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase ACSBG1</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q2KHW5</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>ACSBG1</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP01138</protein_accession>
      <name>Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1</name>
      <uniprot_id>P45478</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>PPT1</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP02249</protein_accession>
      <name>3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase</name>
      <uniprot_id>A7Z064</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>HMGCR</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP02834</protein_accession>
      <name>Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q8MK44</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>DGAT1</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP02835</protein_accession>
      <name>1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase alpha</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q95JH2</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>AGPAT1</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP02837</protein_accession>
      <name>1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase delta</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q5E9R2</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>AGPAT4</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP02870</protein_accession>
      <name>Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase</name>
      <uniprot_id>F1N206</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>DLD</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP02881</protein_accession>
      <name>ACSS2 protein</name>
      <uniprot_id>A7YWF1</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>ACSS2</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP02892</protein_accession>
      <name>Dephospho-CoA kinase domain-containing protein</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q3ZBS0</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>DCAKD</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP02919</protein_accession>
      <name>Acyl-CoA thioesterase 12</name>
      <uniprot_id>E1BNW7</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>ACOT12</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP02978</protein_accession>
      <name>Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q9BEA3</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>AceCS2</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP03122</protein_accession>
      <name>Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q3ZKN0</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>SLC27A1</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
    <protein>
      <protein_accession>BMDBP03181</protein_accession>
      <name>Glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase</name>
      <uniprot_id>Q08DV2</uniprot_id>
      <gene_name>GNPNAT1</gene_name>
      <protein_type>Enzyme</protein_type>
    </protein>
  </protein_associations>
</metabolite>
