<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<metabolite>
  <version>1.0</version>
  <creation_date>2018-10-03 16:33:09 UTC</creation_date>
  <update_date>2020-06-04 18:57:00 UTC</update_date>
  <accession>BMDB0063609</accession>
  <secondary_accessions>
    <accession>BMDB63609</accession>
  </secondary_accessions>
  <name>gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane(HCH)</name>
  <description>Lindane, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), gammaxene, Gammallin is an organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pediculicide and a scabicide. Lindane has been banned in California, United Kingdom, Australia, and many western countries due to concerns about neurotoxicity and adverse effects on the environment. In Canada, Lindane is not recommmended as a first-line therapy due to reports of resistance, neurotoxicity, and bone marrow suppression, but has been approved by the FDA as a second-line therapy for topical treatment of pediculosis capitis (head lice), pediculosis pubis (pubic lice), or scabies in patients greater than two years of age who cannot tolerate or have failed first-line treatment. </description>
  <synonyms>
    <synonym>(1alpha,2alpha,3beta,4alpha,5alpha,6beta)-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane</synonym>
    <synonym>(1R,2C,3t,4C,5C,6t)-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane</synonym>
    <synonym>1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane</synonym>
    <synonym>Benzene hexachloride</synonym>
    <synonym>gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane</synonym>
    <synonym>gamma-Benzene hexachloride</synonym>
    <synonym>gamma-BHC</synonym>
    <synonym>gamma-HCH</synonym>
    <synonym>gamma-Hexachlorzyklohexan</synonym>
    <synonym>gamma-Lindane</synonym>
    <synonym>Kwell</synonym>
    <synonym>Lindan</synonym>
    <synonym>gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane</synonym>
    <synonym>(1a,2a,3b,4a,5a,6b)-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane</synonym>
    <synonym>(1Α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane</synonym>
    <synonym>g-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane</synonym>
    <synonym>Γ-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane</synonym>
    <synonym>g-Benzene hexachloride</synonym>
    <synonym>Γ-benzene hexachloride</synonym>
    <synonym>g-BHC</synonym>
    <synonym>Γ-BHC</synonym>
    <synonym>g-HCH</synonym>
    <synonym>Γ-HCH</synonym>
    <synonym>g-Hexachlorzyklohexan</synonym>
    <synonym>Γ-hexachlorzyklohexan</synonym>
    <synonym>g-Lindane</synonym>
    <synonym>Γ-lindane</synonym>
    <synonym>g-Hexachlorocyclohexane</synonym>
    <synonym>Γ-hexachlorocyclohexane</synonym>
    <synonym>Lindane</synonym>
  </synonyms>
  <chemical_formula>C6H6Cl6</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>290.83</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>287.860066434</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>(1R,2S,3r,4R,5S,6r)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>β-hexachlorobenzene</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>58-89-9</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>[H][C@]1(Cl)[C@]([H])(Cl)[C@@]([H])(Cl)[C@@]([H])(Cl)[C@]([H])(Cl)[C@@]1([H])Cl</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C6H6Cl6/c7-1-2(8)4(10)6(12)5(11)3(1)9/h1-6H/t1-,2-,3-,4+,5+,6+</inchi>
  <inchikey>JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-GNIYUCBRSA-N</inchikey>
  <taxonomy>
    <description> belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cyclohexyl halides. These are organohalogen compounds containing a monocyclic cyclohexane moiety that is substituted at one or more positions by an halogen atom.</description>
    <kingdom>Organic compounds</kingdom>
    <super_class>Organohalogen compounds</super_class>
    <class>Alkyl halides</class>
    <sub_class>Cyclohexyl halides</sub_class>
    <direct_parent>Cyclohexyl halides</direct_parent>
    <alternative_parents>
      <alternative_parent>Alkyl chlorides</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Hydrocarbon derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organochlorides</alternative_parent>
    </alternative_parents>
    <substituents>
      <substituent>Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Alkyl chloride</substituent>
      <substituent>Cyclohexyl halide</substituent>
      <substituent>Hydrocarbon derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>Organochloride</substituent>
    </substituents>
    <molecular_framework>Aliphatic homomonocyclic compounds</molecular_framework>
    <external_descriptors>
      <external_descriptor>Organochlorine insecticides</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>hexachlorocyclohexane</external_descriptor>
    </external_descriptors>
  </taxonomy>
  <experimental_properties>
    <state/>
  </experimental_properties>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>3.94</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>-4.73</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>4.35</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>iupac</kind>
      <value>(1R,2S,3r,4R,5S,6r)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>average_mass</kind>
      <value>290.83</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>mono_mass</kind>
      <value>287.860066434</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>smiles</kind>
      <value>[H][C@]1(Cl)[C@]([H])(Cl)[C@@]([H])(Cl)[C@@]([H])(Cl)[C@]([H])(Cl)[C@@]1([H])Cl</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>formula</kind>
      <value>C6H6Cl6</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>inchi</kind>
      <value>InChI=1S/C6H6Cl6/c7-1-2(8)4(10)6(12)5(11)3(1)9/h1-6H/t1-,2-,3-,4+,5+,6+</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>inchikey</kind>
      <value>JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-GNIYUCBRSA-N</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>refractivity</kind>
      <value>54.08</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>polarizability</kind>
      <value>23.08</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>donor_count</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>formal_charge</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>number_of_rings</kind>
      <value>1</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>bioavailability</kind>
      <value>1</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>rule_of_five</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>ghose_filter</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>veber_rule</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>mddr_like_rule</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <pathways>
  </pathways>
  <spectra>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>109146</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>109147</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>109148</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>176541</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>176542</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>176543</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2779969</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2779970</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2779971</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2925076</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2925077</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2925078</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>24605</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>31698</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>100128</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>174931</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
  </spectra>
  <normal_concentrations>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Milk</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value>0.0117 +/- 0.0578</concentration_value>
      <concentration_units>uM</concentration_units>
      <comment>Raw bovine milk from Haryana (n=147)</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Sharma HR, Kaushik A, Kaushik CP: Pesticide residues in bovine milk from a predominantly agricultural state of Haryana, India. Environ Monit Assess. 2007 Jun;129(1-3):349-57. doi: 10.1007/s10661-006-9368-5. Epub 2006 Dec 16.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>17180431</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
  </normal_concentrations>
  <drugbank_id>DB00431</drugbank_id>
  <foodb_id/>
  <chemspider_id>10481896</chemspider_id>
  <kegg_id>C07075</kegg_id>
  <chebi_id>32888</chebi_id>
  <pubchem_compound_id/>
  <phenol_explorer_compound_id/>
  <knapsack_id/>
  <bigg_id/>
  <wikipedia_id>Lindane</wikipedia_id>
  <metlin_id/>
  <meta_cyc_id/>
  <pdbe_id/>
  <synthesis_reference/>
  <general_references>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Sharma HR, Kaushik A, Kaushik CP: Pesticide residues in bovine milk from a predominantly agricultural state of Haryana, India. Environ Monit Assess. 2007 Jun;129(1-3):349-57. doi: 10.1007/s10661-006-9368-5. Epub 2006 Dec 16.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>17180431</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
  </general_references>
  <protein_associations>
  </protein_associations>
</metabolite>
